A.
M.
Agile Modeling ou Agile Methodologies.
Egalement lié est le Agile Manifesto.
Méthodes/méthodologies/modélisation
agiles.
Besoin
Définir des processus de développement logiciel légers
et plus réactifs que prédictifs.
Analyse
Le but de l'AM est de renverser les priorités habituelles, en privilégieant
:
- les individus et les interactions plutôt que les
processus et les outils ;
- le travail sur le logiciel plutôt qu'une documentation
détaillée ;
- la collaboration avec le client plutôt que la négociation
de contrat ;
- la réactivité au changement plutôt
que le suivi d'un planning établi ;
L'AM réunit un ensemble de :
- Valeurs
- Communication : Les modèles promeuvent la communication
entre votre équipe et MOA comme entre les
développeurs de votre équipe.
- Simplicité : Les modèles sont critiques pour simplifier
le logiciel comme le processus de dévéloppement il
est plus facile d'explorer une idée, et de l'améliorer alors
que votre compréhension s'améliore, en dessinant un diagramme
ou deux au lieu d'écrire des dizaines voire même des centaines
de lignes de code.
- Retour (feedback) : L'optimisme est un mal de
la programmation, le retour est le traitement. En communiquant
vos idées au travers de diagrammes, vous obtenez un retour rapide,
vous permettant d'agir sur la base de ces conseils.
- Courage : Prendre des décisions importantes comme changer
de direction quitte à perdre ou réécrire votre travail
lorsque vos décisions se révèlent avoir été
innapropriées ;
- Humilité : Ne pas penser tout connaître, et reconnaître
que les autres développeurs, les clients, et l'ensemble des parties
impliquées dans un projet ont leurs propres domaines de compétences
et une valeur à apporter au projet. Chacun à une valeur
égale sur le projet et doit être traité avec le même
respect.
- Principes :
- Supposez la simplcité. As you develop you should assume
that the simplest solution is the best solution. Don't overbuild your
software, or in the case of AM don't depict additional features in your
models that you don't need today. Have the courage that you don't need
to over-model your system today, that you can model based on your existing
requirements today and refactor your system in the future when your requirements
evolve. Keep your models as simple as possible.
- Accepter le changement. Les besoins comme la compréhension
des besoins évoluent au cours du temps. La MOA peut les faire évoluer
alors que votre projet avance, de nouvelles personnes peuvent arriver
et d'autres peuvent partir. La MOA peut tout aussi bien changer son point
de vue, modifiant ainsi potentiellement les objectifs et les critères
de succès de votre effort. The implication is that your project's
environment changes as your efforts progress, and that as a result your
approach to development must reflect this reality.
- Permettre le prochain effort est votre second but. Votre projet
peut être considéré comme un échec même
si vous livrez un système qui fonctionne une partie de la
réponse aux besoins de la MOA est de s'assurer que votre système
est suffisament robuste pour être étendu par la suite. Comme
Alistair Cockburn aime à le
dire, lorsque vous jouez au jeu du développement logiciel,
votre second but est de préparer la prochaine partie. Ce
prochain effort pourra être la prochaine version majeure du système
plus simplement les opérations et le support de la version que
vous êtes en train de réaliser. To enable it you will not
only want to develop quality software but also create just enough documentation
and supporting materials so that the people playing the next game can
be effective. Factors that you need to consider include whether members
of your existing team will be involved with the next effort, the nature
of the next effort itself, and the importance of the next effort to your
organization. In short, when you are working on your system you need to
keep an eye on the future.
- Changement incrémental : An important concept to understand
with respect to modeling is that you don't need to get it right the first
time, in fact, it is very unlikely that you could do so even if you tried.
Furthermore, you do not need to capture every single detail in your models,
you just need to get it good enough at the time. Instead of futilely trying
to develop an all encompassing model at the start, you instead can put
a stake in the ground by developing a small model, or perhaps a high-level
model, and evolve it over time (or simply discard it when you no longer
need it) in an incremental manner.
- Maximiser l'implication de la MOA. La MOA investit
dans des ressources - temps, argent, logistique, etc. - pour obtenir un
logiciel qui répond à ses besoins. Stakeholders deserve
to invest their resources the best way possible and not to have resources
frittered away by your team. Furthermore, they deserve to have the final
say in how those resources are invested or not invested. If it was your
resources, would you want it any other way?
- Modéliser dans un but : De nombreux développeurs
sont attentifs à ce que leurs artefacts - modèles, code
source ou documents - soient suffisament détaillés, pas
trop détaillés, ou suffisaments précis. Ce qu'ils
ne font pas est de prendre du recul et se demander pourquoi et pour qui
ils créent cet artefact. With respect to modeling, perhaps you
need to understand an aspect of your software better, perhaps you need
to communicate your approach to senior management to justify your project,
or perhaps you need to create documentation that describes your system
to the people who will be operating and/or maintaining/evolving it over
time. If you cannot identify why and for whom you are creating a model
then why are you bothering to work on it all? Your first step is to identify
a valid purpose for creating a model and the audience for that model,
then based on that purpose and audience develop it to the point where
it is both sufficiently accurate and sufficiently detailed. Once a model
has fulfilled its goals you're finished with it for now and should move
on to something else, such as writing some code to show that the model
works. This principle also applies to a change to an existing model: if
you are making a change, perhaps applying a known pattern, then you should
have a valid reason to make that change (perhaps to support a new requirement
or to refactor your work to something cleaner). An important implication
of this principle is that you need to know your audience, even when that
audience is yourself. For example, if you are creating a model for maintenance
developers, what do they really need ? Do they need a 500 page comprehensive
document or would a 10 page overview of how everything works be sufficient
? Don't know ? Go talk to them and find out.
- Plusieurs modèles : You potentially need to use multiple
models to develop software because each model describes a single aspect
of your software. What models are potentially required to build
modern-day business applications? Considering the complexity of
modern day software, you need to have a wide range of techniques in your
intellectual modeling toolkit to be effective. An important point is that
you don't need to develop all of these models for any given system, but
that depending on the exact nature of the software you are developing
you will require at least a subset of the models. Different systems, different
subsets. Just like every fixit job at home doesn't require you to use
every tool available to you in your toolbox, over time the variety of
jobs you perform will require you to use each tool at some point. Just
like you use some tools more than others, you will use some types of models
more than others.
- Travail de qualité : Nobody likes sloppy work. The people
doing the work don't like it because it's something they can't be proud
of, the people coming along later to refactor the work (for whatever reason)
don't like it because it's harder to understand and to update, and the
end users won't like the work because it's likely fragile and/or doesn't
meet their expectations.
- Retour rapide : The time between an action and the feedback on
that action is critical. By working with other people on a model, particularly
when you are working with a shared modeling technology (such as a whiteboard,
CRC cards, or essential modeling materials such as sticky notes) you are
obtaining near-instant feedback on your ideas. Working closely with your
customer, to understand the requirements, to analyze those requirements,
or to develop a user interface that meets their needs, provides opportunities
for rapid feedback.
- Le logiciel comme but premier. L'objectif du développement
logiciel est de produire un logiciel qui répond efficacement aux
besoins de la MOA. Le but premier n'est pas de produire une documentation
extérieurs, des artefacts de gestion de projet extérieurs,
ou même des modèles. Toute activité qui ne contribue
pas directement à ce but premier doit être mise en question
et évitée si elle ne peut être justifiée à
cette occasion.
- Travel Light. Every artifact that you create, and then decide
to keep, will need to be maintained over time. If you decide to keep seven
models, then whenever a change occurs (a new/updated requirement, a new
approach is taken by your team, a new technology is adopted, ...) you
will need to consider the impact of that change on all seven models and
then act accordingly. If you decide to keep only three models then you
clearly have less work to perform to support the same change, making you
more agile because you are traveling lighter. Similarly, the more complex/detailed
your models are, the more likely it is that any given change will be harder
to accomplish (the individual model is "heavier" and is therefore
more of a burden to maintain). Every time you decide to keep a model you
trade-off agility for the convenience of having that information available
to your team in an abstract manner (hence potentially enhancing communication
within your team as well as with project stakeholders). Never underestimate
the seriousness of this trade-off. Someone trekking across the desert
will benefit from a map, a hat, good boots, and a canteen of water they
likely won't make it if they burden themselves with hundreds of gallons
of water, a pack full of every piece of survival gear imaginable, and
a collection of books about the desert. Similarly, a development team
that decides to develop and maintain a detailed requirements document,
a detailed collection of analysis models, a detailed collection of architectural
models, and a detailed collection of design models will quickly discover
they are spending the majority of their time updating documents instead
of writing source code.
- (optionnel) Le contenu est plus important que la représentation.
Any given model could have several ways to represent it. For example,
a UI specification could be created using Post-It notes on a large sheet
of paper (an essential or low-fidelity prototype), as a sketch on paper
or a whiteboard, as a "traditional" prototype built using a
prototyping tool or programming language, or as a formal document including
both a visual representation as well as a textual description of the UI.
An interesting implication is that a model does not need to be a document.
Even a complex set of diagrams created using a CASE tool may not become
part of a document, instead they are used as inputs into other artifacts,
very likely source code, but never formalized as official documentation.
The point is that you take advantage of the benefits of modeling without
incurring the costs of creating and maintaining documentation.
- (optionnel) Chacun peut apprendre de l'autre : You can never
truly master something, there is always opportunity to learn more and
to extend your knowledge. Take the opportunity to work with and learn
from others, to try new ways of doing things, to reflect on what seems
to work and what doesn't. Technologies change rapidly, existing technologies
such as Java evolve at a blinding pace and new technologies such as C#
and .NET are introduced regularly. Existing development techniques evolve
at a slower pace but they still evolve -- As an industry we've understood
the fundamentals of testing for quite awhile although we are constantly
improving our understanding through research and practice. The point to
be made is that we work in an industry where change is the norm, where
you must take every opportunity to learn new ways of doing things through
training, education, mentoring, reading, and working with each other.
- (optionnel) Connaissez vos modèles : Because you have
multiple models that you can apply you need to know their strengths and
weaknesses to be effective in their use.
- (optionnel) Connaissez vos outils : Software, such as diagramming
tools or modeling tools, have a variety of features. If you are going
to use a modeling tool then you should understand its features, knowing
when and when not to use them.
- Local Adaptation. Your approach to software development
must reflect your environment, including the nature of your organization,
the nature of your project stakeholders, and the nature of your project
itself. Issues that could be affected include: the modeling techniques
that you apply (perhaps your users insist on concrete user interfaces
instead of initial sketches or essential prototypes); the tools that you
use (perhaps there isn't a budget for a digital camera, or you already
have licenses for an existing CASE tool); and the software process that
you follow (your organization insists on XP, or RUP, or their own process).
You will adapt your approach at both the project level as well as the
individual level. For example, some developers use one set of tools over
another, some focus on coding with very little modeling whereas others
prefer to invest a little more time modeling.
- (optionnel) Communication ouverte et honnête : People need
to be free, and to perceive that they are free, to offer suggestions.
This includes ideas pertaining to one or more models, perhaps someone
has a new way to approach a portion of the design or has a new insight
regarding a requirement; the delivery of bad news such as being behind
schedule; or simply the current status of their work. Open and honest
communication enables people to make better decisions because the quality
of the information that they are basing them on is more accurate.
- (optionnel) Travailler avec l'instinct des gens : When someone
feels that something isn't going to work, that a few things are inconsistent
with one another, or that something doesn't "smell right" then
there is a good chance that that is actually the case. As you gain experience
developing software your instincts become sharper, and what your instincts
are telling you subconsciously can often be an important input into your
modeling efforts. If your instincts tell you that a requirement doesn't
make sense or it isn't complete investigate it with your users. If your
instincts tell you that a portion of your architecture isn't going to
meet your needs build a quick technical end-to-end prototype to test out
your theory. If your instincts tell you that design alternative A is better
than design alternative B, and there is no compelling reason to choose
either one of them, then go with alternative A for now. It's important
to understand that the value of courage tells you that should assume you
can remedy the situation at some point in the future if you discover your
instincts were wrong.
- Pratiques :
- Participation active des parties : An expansion of XP's On-Site
Customer which describes the need to have on-site access to users that
have the authority and ability to provide information pertaining to the
system being built and to make pertinent and timely decisions regarding
the requirements, and prioritization thereof. AM expands XP's On-Site
Customer practice to have project stakeholders -- including direct users,
their management, senior management, operations staff, and support (help
desk) staff -- actively involved in the project. This includes making
timely resourcing decisions by senior management, public and private support
for the project by senior management, active participation of operations
and support staff in the development of requirements and models pertaining
to their respective areas.
- Appliquer les bons artefacts : Each artifact has its own specific
applications. For example, a UML activity diagram is useful for describing
a business process, whereas the static structure of your database is better
represented by a physical data or persistence model. Very often a diagram
is a better choice than source code -- If a picture is worth a thousand
words then a model is often worth 1024 lines of code when applied in the
right circumstances (a term borrowed from Karl Wiegers Software
Requirements) because you can often explore design alternatives more effectively
by drawing a couple diagrams on whiteboards with your peers than you can
by sitting down and developing code samples. The implication is that you
need to know the strengths and weaknesses of each type of artifact so
you know when and when not to use them. Note that this can be very difficult
because you have Multiple Models available to you, in fact the essay Artifacts
For Agile Modeling: The UML and Beyond lists over 30 types of models and
it is by no means definitive.
- Propriété collective : Everyone can work on any
model, and in fact any artifact on the project, if they need to.
- Considérer la testabilité : When you are modeling
you should be constantly asking yourself "How are we going to test
this?" because if you can't test the software that you are building
you shouldn't be building it. Modern software processes include testing
and quality assurance activities throughout the entire project lifecycle,
and some even promote the concept of writing tests first before writing
software (this is an XP practice).
- Créer plusieurs modèles en parallèle : Because
each type of model has its strengths and weaknesses no single model is
sufficient for your modeling needs. For example when you are exploring
requirements you may need to develop some essential use cases or user
stories, an essential UI prototype, and some business rules. In combination
with the practice of iterating to another artifact agile modelers will
often discover that they are far more productive working on several models
simultaneously than if they are only focusing on one at any given time.
- Créer un contenu simple : You should keep the actual content
of your models -- your requirements, your analysis, your architecture,
or your design -- as simple as you possibly can while still fulfilling
the needs of your project stakeholders. The implication is that you should
not add additional aspects to your models unless they are justifiable
-- if you do not have a requirement to add system auditing features then
don't add that features to your models. Have the courage to trust that
you can in fact add this feature when, and if, it is ever asked of you.
This is along the lines of XP's practice of Simple Design.
- Dépeindre les modèles simplement : When you consider
the potential diagrams that you could apply (UML diagrams, user interface
diagrams, data models, and so on) you quickly realize that the majority
of the time you only require a subset of the diagramming notation available
to you. A simple model that shows the key features that you are trying
to understand, perhaps a class model depicting the primary responsibilities
of classes and the relationships between them, often proves to be sufficient.
Yes, you could model all the scaffolding code that you will need to write,
all the getter and setter operations that your coding standards tell you
to use, but what value would that add? Very little.
- Display Models Publicly. You should display your models
publicly, often on something called a "modeling wall" or a "wall
of wonder." This supports Open and Honest Communication on your team
because all of the current models are quickly accessible to them, as well
as with your project stakeholders because you aren't hiding anything from
them. Your modeling wall is where you post your models for everyone to
see; the modeling wall should be accessible to your development team and
other project stakeholders. Your modeling wall may be physical, perhaps
a designated whiteboard for your architecture diagram(s) or a place where
you tape a printout of your physical data model. Modeling walls can be
virtual, such as an internal Web page that is updated with scanned images.
See Ellen Gottesdiener's Specifying Requirements With a Wall of Wonder
for a similar viewpoint.
Iterate To Another Artifact. When you are working on a development artifact
-- such as a use case, CRC card, sequence diagram, or even source code
-- and find that you are stuck then you should consider working on another
artifact for the time being. Each artifact has its strengths and weaknesses,
each artifact is good for a certain type of job. Whenever you find you
are having difficulties working on one artifact, perhaps you are working
on a use case and find that you are struggling to describe the business
logic, then that's a sign that you should iterate to another artifact.
For example, if you are working on an essential use case then you may
want to consider changing focus to start working on an essential UI prototype,
a CRC model, a business rule, a system use case, or a change case. By
iterating to another artifact you immediately become "unstuck"
because you are making progress working on that other artifact. Furthermore,
by changing your point of view you often discover that you address whatever
it was that causing you to be stuck in the first place.
- Modéliser par petits incréments : Le développement
incrémental qui organise un vaste effort en plus petites portions
diffusées au fil du projet, normalement en incréments de
quelques semaines ou d'un mois ou deux, accroit votre agilité en
permettant de mettre plus vite le logiciel dans les mains des utilisateurs.
- Modéliser avec les autres : When you Model With a Purpose
you often find that you are modeling to understand something, that you
are modeling to communicate your ideas to others, or you are seeking to
develop a common vision on your project. This is a group activity, one
in which you want the input of several people working together effectively.
You will often find that your development team needs to work together
to create the core set of models critical to your project. For example,
to develop the metaphor or architecture for you system, you will often
need to model with a group of people to develop a solution everyone agrees
on as well as one that is as simple as possible. Most of the time the
best way to do this is to talk the issue through with one or more people.
- Prouver par le code : A model is an abstraction, one that should
accurately reflect an aspect of whatever you are building. But will it
work? To determine so, you should prove your model with code. You've developed
a sketch of an HTML page for accepting billing address information? Code
it and show the resulting user interface to your users for feedback. You've
developed a UML sequence diagram representing the logic to implement a
complex business rule? Write the testing code, the business code, and
run the tests to ensure that you've gotten it right. Never forget that
with an iterative approach to software development, the norm for the vast
majority of projects, that modeling is only one of many tasks that you
will perform. Do some modeling, do some coding, do some testing (amongst
other things).
- Utiliser les outils les plus simples : The vast majority of models
can be drawn on a whiteboard, on paper or even the back of a napkin. Whenever
you want to save one of these diagrams you can take a picture of it with
a digital camera, or even simply transcribe it onto paper. This works
because most diagrams are throwaways; their true value comes from drawing
them to think through an issue, and once the issue is resolved the diagram
doesnt offer much value. As a result a whiteboard and markers are
often your best modeling tool alternative: Use a drawing tool to create
diagrams to present to important project stakeholders and occasionally
use a modeling tool if and only if they provide value to my programming
efforts such as the generation of code. Think of it like this: If youre
creating simple models, often models that are throwaways because if you
are modeling to understand you likely dont need to keep the model(s)
around any more once you do understand the issue, then you likely dont
need to apply a complex modeling tool.
- (optionnel) Apply Modeling Standards : This practice is renamed
from XP's Coding Standards, the basic idea is that developers should agree
to and follow a common set of modeling standards on a software project.
Just like there is value in following common coding conventions, clean
code that follows your chosen coding guidelines is easier to understand
and evolve than code that doesn't, there is similar value in following
common modeling conventions. There is a wide variety of common modeling
standards available to you, including the Object Management Group's Unified
Modeling Language (UML) which defines the notation and semantics for common
object-oriented models. The UML provides a good start but it isn't sufficient
-- as you can see in Be Realistic About The UML not all possible modeling
artifacts are encompassed by the UML. Furthermore, it says nothing about
modeling style guidelines to create clean-looking diagrams. What is the
difference between a style guideline and a standards. WRT to source code,
a standard would be to name attributes in the format attributeName whereas
a style guideline is to indent the code within a control structure (an
if statement, a loop, ...) by one unit. WRT to models, a standard would
be to use a square rectangle to model a class on a class diagram and a
style guideline would be to have subclasses placed on diagrams to the
south of their superclasses.
- (optionnel) Apply Patterns Gently : Effective modelers learn
and then appropriately apply common architectural, design and analysis
patterns in their models. However, as Martin Fowler points out in Is Design
Dead? developers should consider easing into the application of a pattern,
to apply it gently. This reflects the value of simplicity. In other words,
if you SUSPECT that a pattern applies you should model it in such a way
as to implement the minimal amount you need today but that makes it easy
to refactor it later when it is clear that applying the full-fledged pattern
is in fact the simplest approach possible. In other words, don't over
model. For example, you may recognize a good spot in your design to apply
the GoF's Strategy pattern, but at the current moment you only have two
algorithms to implement. The simplest approach might be to encapsulate
each strategy in its own class and build an operation that chooses them
appropriately and passes them the appropriate input. This is a partial
implementation of Strategy that leaves you in a position to refactor your
design if more algorithms need to be implemented, yet does not require
you to build all the scaffolding that Strategy requires -- an approach
that enables you to ease into application of the pattern.
- (optionnel) Supprimer les modèles temporaires : The vast
majority of the models that you create are temporary/working models --
design sketches, low fidelity prototypes, index cards, potential architecture/design
alternatives, and so on -- models that have fulfilled their purpose but
no longer add value now that they have done so. Models quickly become
out of sync with the code, and there is nothing wrong with that. You must
then make the decision to synchronize the models if doing so adds value
to your project or to simply discard them because the investment to update
the models won't be recouped by the value of having done so (there's negative
payback).
- (optionnel) Formaliser des modèles contractuels : Contract
models are often required when an external group controls an information
resource that your system requires, such as a database, legacy application
or information service. A contract model is something that both parties
should mutually agree to and mutually change over time if required. Examples
of contract models include the detailed documentation of an application
programming interface (API), a file layout description, an XML DTD or
a physical data model describing a shared database. As with a legal contract,
a contract model often requires you to invest significant resources to
develop and maintain the contract to ensure that its accurate and
sufficiently detailed. Your goal is to minimize the number of contract
models for your system to conform to the XP principle of traveling light.
Note that you will almost always use an electronic tool to develop a contract
model because the model must be maintained over time.
- (optionnel) Modéliser pour communiquer. A secondary reason
to model is to communicate with people external to your team or to create
a contract model. Because the customers for some models are outside your
team, you may need to invest the time to make your model(s) look pretty
by using electronic tools such as word processors, drawing packages or
even sophisticated CASE tools.
- (optionnel) Modéliser pour la compréhension : The
most important application of modeling is to explore the problem space,
to identify and analyze the requirements for the system, or to compare
and contrast potential design alternatives to identify the potentially
most simple solution that meets the requirements. Following this practice
you often develop small, simple diagrams that focuses on one aspect of
your software, such as the life cycle of a class or the flow between screens,
diagrams that you often throwaway once you are finished with them.
Reuse Existing Resources. There is a wealth of information that agile
modelers can take advantage from. For example, perhaps some analysis or
design patterns are appropriate for you to apply gently to your system.
Or perhaps you can take advantage of an existing enterprise requirements
model, business process models, physical data models or even models of
how systems are currently deployed within your user community. Its
true that these models either dont exist or are out of date in many
organizations, although youre often likely to uncover reasonably
accurate models with a bit of research.
- (optionnel) Mettre à jour seulement si cela pose problème
: You should update a model only when you absolutely need to, when not
having the model updated is more painful than the effort of updating it.
With this approach you discover that you update a smaller number of models
than you would have in the past because the reality is that your models
don't have to be perfect to provide value. The street map that I have
to my town is over five years old, I know this because my own street doesn't
appear on it and it's been in place for a little over five years, yet
the map is still useful to me. Yes, I could purchase an updated map, one
comes out every year, but why bother? Missing a few streets isn't painful
enough to warrant this investment, it simply doesn't make sense to spend
the money to purchase a new map every year when the one that I have is
good enough. Too much time and money is wasted trying to keep models and
documents in sync with source code, an impossible task to begin with,
time and money that could be better spent developing new software.
- (complémentaire) Remaniement (refactoring). C'est
une pratique de codage dans laquelle vous effectuez de petits changements,
nommés remaniements, sur votre code pour répondre à
de nouveaux besoins ou pour maintenir votre conception aussi simple que
possible. Du point de vue AM cette pratique garanti que votre conception
reste claire et nette lorsque vous travaillez sur votre code. Le remaniement
est une partie essentielle de XP.
- (complémentaire) Conception par tests préliminaires
: C'est une pratique de développement où vous considérez
en premier puis codez vos cas de tests avant d'écrire votre code
métier. Du point de vue AM cette pratique vous force à concevoir
avant d'écrire votre code, éliminant le besoin d'une modélisation
détaillée. Le conception par tests préliminaires
est une partie essentielle de XP.
Caractéristiques
- Parfois appelés "processus légers"
- Réputés adapté aux petits projets seulements, ce que
les défenseurs de l'Agile Manifesto contestent ;
- La force des modèles AM est de ne pas chercher à être
parfaits, mais juste corrects. AM peut s'appliquer indifféremment à
l'étude des besoins, l'architecture,
conception.
Limitations
- Preuves à faire sur de grands projets.
Exemples
Des exemples de méthodes agiles sont :
Voir